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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was the century lasting from January 1, 1301, to December 31, 1400. Political and natural disaster and black death ravaged Europe, as well as the four khanates of the Mongolian Empire. Consequently, the Mongol court was driven out of China and retreated to Mongolia, the Ilkhanate collapsed in Persia, the Chaghatayid dissolved into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as great power in Eastern Europe. In Europe, the Black Death claimed between 75 to 200 million lives, while England and France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of Charles IV of France led to a claim to the French throne by Edward III of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France. ==Events== * The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. * Beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the Balkans. * Early 14th century: Attributed to Kao Ninga ''Monk Sewing'' is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at The Cleveland Museum of Art. * 1309: King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.〔Ricklefs (1991), page 18〕 * The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from Italy to France * The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe. * 1318: an Italian Franciscan monk, Mattiussi visited Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin in Borneo. In his record he described Majapahit kingdom. (to 1330) *1323: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in Tutuila, now known as American Samoa. * 1325: Forced out of previous locations, the Mexica found the city of Tenochtitlan * 1328: Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit. * Beginning of the Renaissance in Italy * The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said in 1335, causing the disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia. * The Vijayanagara Empire is founded in South India by Harihara in 1336 * The Hundred Years' War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to the French throne. (1337) The French recruit troops and ships in Genoa, Monaco, and Nice (1345–1346). * Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe. (1347–1351). * 1347: Adityawarman moved the capital of Dharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura in Pagarruyung, West Sumatra.〔Kern, J.H.C., (1907), ''De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka'', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.〕 * 1350: Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.〔 Under its military commander Gajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia. * 1357: In the Battle of Bubat, the Sundanese royal family were massacred by the Majapahit army under the order of Gajah Mada. The death toll including Sundanese King Lingga Buana and the princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi that committed suicide. * The Battle of Lake Poyang, a naval conflict between Chinese rebel groups led by Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang, took place in August to October of 1363, and was one of the largest naval battles in history. * 1365: The Old Javanese text ''Nagarakertagama'' is written.〔 * The end of Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (1368) * The Lollardy movement rises in England * 1377: Majapahit sends a punitive expedition against Palembang in Sumatra. Palembang's prince, Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port.〔 * The Great Schism of the West begins in 1378, eventually leading to 3 simultaneous popes. * An account of Buddha's life, translated earlier into Greek by St John of Damascus and widely circulated to Christians as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat, became so popular Buddha (under the name Josaphat) was made a Catholic saint.〔Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.〕 * Singapore emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance. * Reunification of Poland under Władysław I of Poland * Ciompi Revolt in Florence * Peasants' Revolt in England * Islam reaches Terengganu, on the Malay Peninsula. * The Hausa found several city-states in the south of modern Niger. * The Mali Empire expands westward and conquers Tekrur. * The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance. * The Scots win the Scottish Wars of Independence. * Union of Krewo between Poland and Lithuania (1385) * Battle of Kosovo in 1389 between Serbs and Ottoman Turks, Prince Lazar, sultan Murat I and Miloš Obilić were killed * 1389: Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.〔 * 1392: Taejo of Joseon established Joseon Dynasty * The Kalmar Union is established in 1397, uniting Norway, Sweden and Denmark into one kingdom. * Iwan vault, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built. * Work begins on the Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe, built of un-cemented, dressed stone. The city's population is now between 10,000 and 40,000. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「14th century」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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